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Cao Huan () (246Vol.04 of Sanguozhi recorded that Cao Huan was 20 (by East Asian reckoning) when he moved to Ye city as his final residence on 6 Feb 266 (咸熙二年十二月甲子，使使者奉策。遂改次于金墉城，而终馆于邺，时年二十。). Note that Cao Huan was still alive when Chen Shou compiled the Sanguozhi. – 302/303According to the Wei Shi Pu (魏世谱) by Sun Sheng, Cao Huan was 58 (by East Asian reckoning) when he died in the first year of the Tai'an era during the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin. (年五十八，太安元年崩) Wei Shi Pu annotation in Sanguozhi, vol. 04. The year corresponds to 14 Feb 302 to 02 Feb 303 in the Julian calendar.), courtesy name Jingming, was the fifth and last emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. On 4 February 266, he abdicated the throne in favour of regent Sima Yan (later Emperor Wu of the Jin dynasty), and brought an end to the Wei regime. After his abdication, Cao Huan was granted the title "Prince of Chenliu" and held it until his death, after which he was Posthumous name as "Emperor Yuan (of Cao Wei)".(太安元年崩，谥曰元皇帝。) Wei Shi Pu annotation in Sanguozhi, vol. 04.
In June 260, after the ruling emperor Cao Mao was killed in an attempt to seize back state power from the regent Sima Zhao, Cao Huang was selected to succeed Cao Mao.(高贵乡公卒，公卿议迎立公), Sanguozhi vol. 04. According to vol.77 of Zizhi Tongjian, it was Sima Yan who welcomed Cao Huang at Ye city on 3 June 260 (景元元年五月...庚寅，太傅孚等上言，请以王礼葬高贵乡公，太后许之。使中护军司马炎迎燕王宇之子常道乡公璜于邺，以为明帝嗣。炎，昭之子也。).
For the first few years of Cao Huan's reign, there were constant attacks by forces from the rival Shu Han state under the command of Shu general Jiang Wei. While Jiang Wei's attacks were largely easily repelled, Sima Zhao eventually ordered a counterattack on Shu with an invading force of 180,000 men commanded by Zhong Hui and Deng Ai. In late 263, Liu Shan, then Shu emperor, surrendered to Deng, bringing an end to the state of Shu. After the fall of Shu, Deng Ai was framed for treason by Zhong Hui and stripped of command. In early 264, Zhong Hui plotted with Jiang Wei to restore Shu and eliminate all the Wei generals who might oppose him. However, the generals started a counterinsurgency and killed Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei. Shu's former territories (in present-day Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, southern Shaanxi, and southeastern Gansu) were completely annexed by Wei.
Not much is known about Cao Huan's life as a prince under Jin rule. Sima Yan (posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Jin) permitted him to retain imperial banners and wagons and to worship ancestors with imperial ceremonies. He also permitted Cao Huan not to refer to himself as a subject of his. He died in 302 during the reign of Emperor Wu's son, Emperor Hui. He was buried with honours due an emperor and given the posthumous name "Yuan" by the Jin court.
It is not known who immediately succeeded Cao Huan as Prince of Chenliu, but in November or December 326, the title of Prince of Chenliu was conferred upon Cao Mai, a great-great-grandson of Cao Cao, who held the title until his death on 1 December 358. yichou day of the 10th month of the 2nd year of the Sheng'ping era, per vol. 08 of Book of Jin He was succeeded by his son, Cao Hui, whose title was confirmed on 24 November 363. The title of Prince of Chenliu would remain within the Cao clan until it was abolished on 25 September 479 guisi day of the 8th month of the 1st year of the Jian'yuan era, per vol.04 of Nan Shi during the reign of Xiao Daocheng, founding emperor of Southern Qi; the final Prince of Chenliu was Cao Can (曹粲).
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